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1993-04-23
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PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 9ll09. TELEPHONE (213) 354-5011
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
An unusual star -- a suspected pulsar -- has been
observed
by astronomers who used two mirrored dishes, intended for
solar
energy research, as a high-energy observatory at NASA's Jet
Propulsion
Laboratory.
The star, Cygnus X-3, could have been created from
a
supernova that may have occured within the last few
centuries,
but was unseen from Earth due to interstellar dust and gas
obstructing
the view, according to Dr. Richard C. Lamb of Iowa State
University,
who led the experiment. The star, a peculiar X-ray source,
is also
the brightest high-energy gamma-ray source in the sky. It
was
observed to emit gamma rays in a manner suggestive of a
pulsar
or neutron star.
The mirrored, parabola-shaped dishes, located at a
JPL
site on Edwards Air Force Base in the California desert, were
recently used to observe Cygnus X-3 at ultra-high gamma ray
energies above l00 billion electron volts -- one of the
highest
îenergy astronomical observations ever made. The ll-meter
(33-foot)
mirrors are among the world's most sensitive detectors of
high-
energy gamma rays.
The observations were conducted by Lamb and
graduate
student Chris Godfrey of Iowa State University, Dr. William
Wheaton
of JPL's gamma ray astronomy group, and Dr. Tumay Tumer of
the
University of California at Riverside. The results of their
observations are reported in the April 8, l982 edition of
the British science journal _N_a_t_u_r_e.
Supernovae result in great outbursts of visible
light.
Four supernovae in our galaxy have been observed from Earth
in
recorded times; the last was Keppler's Supernova in l604.
If Cygnus X-3 was a supernova in recent times, the
explosion of visible light could have been curtained from
Earth by dust and gas. But the remnants of the supernova
could be visible in gamma ray energy.
Cygnus X-3 is an astronomical oddity among the
hundreds
of known X-ray sources in the Milky Way galaxy. Although it
emits a relatively large fraction of its X-rays in the high
energy (or hard X-ray) region of the electromagnetic
spectrum,
it has never been observed to pulse on the few-second time
scale characteristic of most of the other hard X-ray sources.
Cygnus X-3's X-ray output peaks every 4.8 hours,
which
is believed to indicate that it is a binary star with a 4.8
hour
orbital period. Theorists have speculated that it may indeed
be a pulsar, but one which pulses so fast, on the order of
l00 pulses per second, that the pulsations have never been
observed. (By comparison, the fastest known pulsar, the Crab
Nebula, pulses 30 times per second.)
Astronomers using the JPL mirrors believe that with
additional observations this summer, they may be able to
detect
high-speed pulsation from the star.
A pulsar is thought to be a neutron star -- an
extremely
dense object in the last stage of stellar evolution.
Gamma rays, from a pulsar or any other source, do
not
penetrate Earth's atmosphere, and are not normally observable
by ground-based apparatus. However, the ultra-high energy
gamma
rays from Cygnus X-3 were rendered visible by a phenomenon
known as the Cerenkov effect. A faint flash of light which
lasts for just a few nanoseconds (billionths of a second), is
created when ultra-high energy gamma rays hit the atmosphere.
Although the flash is too brief to be seen by the naked eye,
îit can be observed by a fast photomultiplier tube placed at
the focal point of a large, upward facing parabolic mirror,
like the ones at JPL's desert test site.
The mirrors have a paraboloidal form giving them a
focal length of about 6 meters (20 feet). They are movable in
elevation and azimuth under computer control so that
astronomical
objects may be tracked as the Earth rotates. The very large
size, good optical quality and high reflectivity of the JPL
mirrors, and the availability of two, spaced about 30 meters
apart, make them uniquely useful for observing Cerenkov
events.
When a high-energy gamma-ray photon strikes the
atmosphere, it produces a shower of secondary electrons,
posi-
trons, (anti-matter electrons), and lower energy gamma-ray
photons. If the photon strikes the atmosphere with
sufficient
energy, the secondary electrons and positrons will move at
ultra-relativistic speed -- very nearly at the speed of
light.
Although Einstein's theory of relativity states
that
it is impossible for any material body to move at the speed
of
light in a vacuum, the speed of light in air is very slightly
less than that in a vacuum. There is no prohibition,
however,
against travel faster than the reduced speed of light in air,
so long as the ultimate speed limit is observed. So
ultra-high
energy particles traveling in this narrow range of speeds,
(faster than the speed of light in air but slower than the
speed of
light in a vacumm) produce a "light boom" -- just as a
super-
sonic jet produces a sonic boom.
The light boom is manifest as a cone of visible
radia-
tion. The cone is very flat, almost a disk, and travels
nearly
along the path of the original photon. Long after the air
shower has been absorbed by the denser air at lower
altitudes,
the disk of Cerenkov radiation strikes the ground and
produces
the flash that is observable with the JPL solar thermal
concen-
trators.
The observations were supported by the U.S.
Department
of Energy, NASA, and a grant from the Caltech President's
Fund.
###
#992 4/22/82 MBM